Notes 5/2/14

• 44 b.c. Caesar secured a vote form the senate making him dictator for life.
• On the Ides of March, 44 b.c., Caesar appeared in the Senate unarmed and unguarded
• the senates struck him with a daggered
• the people who were to rule next were Mark Antony, commander under Caesar, Brutus and Cassius, the leading and assain, Octavian grandnephew and adopted son
• Mark Antony and Octavian joined forces
• the divide the Roman world
• Octavian based in Rome, Mark in Alexandria, and Lepidus, in North Africa
• Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power.
• In 31 b.c. the two rulers went to war
• Octavian defeated mark and Cleopatra
• within  a year both mark and Cleopatra committed suicide
• Octavian was now the supreme leader of the world
• within the empire Greek was dominant in the East
• Over time it became more of a Roman inspired because Roman was growing

The Rule of the Emperors:

• Octavian was given a new name called Augustus
• he wanted to reconstruct the failed government , keep the empire together
• Augustus settlement had emerged by 27 b.c.
• he started his plan to restore the Republic
• He refused to offer long dictator ship
• he called himself princeps
• Princeps: "First citizens" a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic that came by Augustus and other emperors
• in 27 b.c. Augustus was confirmed the commander in chief of the armed forces
• He let the senate supervise Italy and the city of Rome
• Augustus put to death by his opponents in the Senate and replaced them with allies and friends
• there was no more peoples assembly
• the people didn't oppose of this
•   Augustus won supreme power, people in Greek cities started to build shrines and sacrificing "Rome and Augustus" worshipping Rome itself as divine and Augustus was a god-sent human being who embodied Rome's beneficent rule.
• This began being practiced in many places
• Augustus was given the title Father of the Fatherlands like Julius Caesar was a Divine Being like him to
• He made laws against adultery
• Romans believed that there was something divine about every paterfamilias and every matron
• the rule of one man was easier to except
• First, he brought the system of government appointments under his personal control
• second, he showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibility
• he reorganized the army to ensure loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers.
• he brought about his single most dramatic form, all the soldiers became volunteers
• In this way he broke with the Roman tradition of citizen-solders to create the worlds first professional army.
• in his army he was the Praetorian Guard
• Egypt the lands stretching from Italy to Greece, and much of Germany was taken under Augustus rule
• As his successor, he picked Tiberius, Livia's son from her first marriage
• he was experienced with the government.
• he adopted Tiberius as his own son 
• when Augustus died on a.d. 14, Tiberius took over without a challenge
• he was fighting with Caesar decedents
•  Vespasian founded another dynasty, the Flavian.
• Nerva was a respected highly general, he had no sons and was unknown to the army, he adopted another son who is Trajan
• he took over in A.d. 98
• Caesar: the imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.
• Trajan was called the best of the rulers
• Augustus: the imperial title given to a reigning emperor.
• Roman Peace: A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperty that Roman rule brought to the Medditerranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries a.d.